EVS REVISION SET

 

REVISION QUESTION SET

UNIT 1: Types of Environmental Pollution

1.1.1 Water Pollution

Short Answer Questions 

1. Define water pollution and explain water quality standards.
2. Classify water pollutants with suitable examples.
3. What is eutrophication?
4. List the industrial and agricultural sources of water pollution.
5. Mention the effects of municipal waste on water bodies.

Long Answer / Essay Questions

1. Explain the sources, classification, and effects of water pollution in detail.
2. Discuss industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources of water pollution with examples.
3. Describe eutrophication and its environmental impacts.
4. Explain water quality standards prescribed in India and their importance (e.g., standards by Central Pollution Control Board).

1.1.2 Marine Pollution

Short Answer

1. What is marine pollution?
2. List major sources of marine pollution.
3. What are oil spills? Mention their impacts.

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes and consequences of marine pollution.
2. Explain the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems.

1.1.3 Air Pollution

Short Answer

1. Write the composition of air.
2. Explain the structure of the atmosphere.
3. Define PM, SO₂, and NOx.
4. Differentiate between natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution.
5. What are Ambient Air Quality Standards?

Long Answer

1. Classify air pollutants and explain their sources and effects.
2. Discuss the effects of common air pollutants such as PM, SO₂, and NOx on human health and environment.
3. Explain Ambient Air Quality Standards in India (as prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board).
4. Describe the structure of the atmosphere and its relevance in controlling air pollution.

 

1.1.4 Land Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define land degradation.
2. What are different land uses?
3. What is soil erosion?

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of land degradation.
2. Explain soil erosion and methods to control it.
3. Describe the environmental impacts of improper land use.

 

1.1.5 Noise Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define sound and noise.
2. How is noise measured?
3. What are the main causes of noise pollution?

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of noise pollution.
2. Explain noise measurement techniques and standards.

 

1.1.6 Thermal Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define thermal pollution.
2. Mention two causes of thermal pollution.

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of thermal pollution.

 

Role of Individual in Prevention of Pollution

Long Answer

1. Explain the role of individuals in preventing different types of pollution.
2. Suggest practical measures that students can adopt to reduce environmental pollution.

 

UNIT 2: Energy Resources and Global Environmental Issues

2.1.1 Energy Resources

Short Answer

1. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
2. Write a note on India’s energy demand scenario.
3. List advantages of renewable energy sources.
4. Mention environmental problems associated with fossil fuels.

Long Answer

1. Discuss global and Indian energy demand and future projections.
2. Explain conventional and non-conventional energy sources with their advantages and limitations.
3. Discuss environmental problems related to energy exploitation.
4. Explain environmental implications of non-conventional energy sources.

 

2.1.2 Global Environmental Issues

Short Answer

1. Define climate change.
2. What is the greenhouse effect?
3. What causes acid rain?
4. Write short notes on ozone layer depletion.

Long Answer

1. Discuss climate change and global warming with causes and impacts.
2. Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in global warming.
3. Describe the causes and effects of acid rain.
4. Discuss ozone layer depletion with reference to international efforts such as the United Nations Environment Programme initiatives.

 

Very Important Questions (Exam-Oriented)

1. Explain types, sources, and effects of environmental pollution.
2. Discuss water pollution and eutrophication in detail.
3. Describe energy resources and environmental implications of their use.
4. Explain global environmental issues such as climate change, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
5. Discuss the role of individuals in sustainable development.

 

Q. Explain Types, Sources and Effects of Environmental Pollution

Introduction

Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of air, water and land by harmful substances that adversely affect living organisms and natural resources.

Types of Environmental Pollution

1. Air Pollution

Contamination of the atmosphere by harmful gases and particles.

Sources:

• Vehicles and industries
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Forest fires (natural)

Effects:

• Respiratory diseases
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• Damage to crops

Standards in India are regulated by Central Pollution Control Board.

2. Water Pollution

Contamination of rivers, lakes and groundwater.

Sources:

• Industrial effluents
• Agricultural runoff
• Sewage discharge

Effects:

• Water-borne diseases
• Fish mortality
• Eutrophication
• Drinking water contamination

3. Land Pollution

Degradation of land due to waste disposal and improper land use.

Sources:

• Solid waste
• Industrial waste
• Deforestation

Effects:

• Soil infertility
• Loss of biodiversity
• Groundwater contamination

4. Noise Pollution

Excessive and unwanted sound.

Sources: Traffic, industries, loudspeakers
Effects: Hearing loss, stress, hypertension

 

5. Thermal Pollution

Increase in water temperature due to industrial discharge.

Effects: Reduced oxygen levels, harm to aquatic life

Conclusion

Environmental pollution threatens human health, biodiversity and economic development. Preventive measures and strict enforcement of environmental laws are essential.

Q. Discuss Water Pollution and Eutrophication in Detail

Introduction

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies, making them unsafe for use.

Sources of Water Pollution

1. Industrial Sources

Discharge of chemicals, heavy metals and toxic waste.

2. Agricultural Sources

Runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides.

3. Municipal Sources

Sewage, detergents and domestic waste.

Classification of Water Pollutants

• Physical: Suspended solids
• Chemical: Acids, heavy metals
• Biological: Bacteria, viruses

Effects of Water Pollution

• Spread of diseases like cholera
• Reduced dissolved oxygen
• Death of aquatic organisms
• Bioaccumulation of toxins

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is excessive growth of algae due to nutrient enrichment (nitrates and phosphates).

Causes

• Fertilizer runoff
• Sewage discharge

Process

1. Nutrient enrichment
2. Algal bloom formation
3. Oxygen depletion
4. Fish death

Effects

• Loss of biodiversity
• Foul smell
• Disruption of ecosystem balance

Conclusion

Proper sewage treatment and monitoring by agencies like Central Pollution Control Board are necessary to control water pollution.

Q. Describe Energy Resources and Environmental Implications of Their Use

Introduction

Energy resources are essential for industrial and economic growth.

Conventional Energy Sources

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Hydropower

Environmental Implications

• Air pollution
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Mining-related land degradation
• Oil spills

Non-Conventional (Renewable) Energy Sources

• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Biomass
• Geothermal energy

Advantages

• Renewable
• Less pollution

Limitations

• High initial cost
• Intermittent supply

Environmental Implications

• Large land requirement
• Impact on wildlife (wind turbines)
• Biomass smoke emissions

Conclusion

Sustainable energy planning is essential to balance development and environmental protection.

Q. Explain Global Environmental Issues: Climate Change, Acid Rain and Ozone Depletion

Introduction

Global environmental issues affect the entire planet and require international cooperation.

1. Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate change refers to long-term changes in global temperatures due to greenhouse gases.

Causes

• Burning fossil fuels
• Deforestation
• Industrial emissions

Effects

• Melting glaciers
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather

Programs under United Nations Environment Programme support global climate initiatives.

2. Acid Rain

Acid rain is precipitation containing sulfuric and nitric acids formed from SO₂ and NOx.

Causes

• Power plants
• Vehicles

Effects

• Damage to crops
• Soil degradation
• Corrosion of monuments

3. Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer protects Earth from harmful UV rays.

Causes

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Effects

• Skin cancer
• Eye cataracts
• Ecosystem damage

International agreements like the United Nations Environment Programme initiatives have helped reduce ozone-depleting substances.

Conclusion

Global environmental problems require strong policies and international cooperation.

Q. Discuss the Role of Individuals in Sustainable Development

Introduction

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.

Role of Individuals

1. Waste Management

• Practice Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Avoid plastic use

2. Energy Conservation

• Switch off appliances
• Use renewable energy

3. Water Conservation

• Rainwater harvesting
• Avoid wastage

4. Pollution Control

• Use public transport
• Maintain vehicles

5. Tree Plantation and Awareness

• Plant trees
• Spread environmental awareness

Conclusion

Government policies alone cannot ensure sustainability. Active participation of individuals is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development.

 

 

 

REVISION NOTES (Quick Memory Sheet)

Types of Environmental Pollution

1. Air Pollution

Major Pollutants: PM, SO₂, NOx, CO
Sources: Vehicles, industries, burning of coal
Effects: Asthma, acid rain, global warming
Regulated in India by Central Pollution Control Board

 

2. Water Pollution

Sources: Industrial effluents, sewage, fertilizers
Effects: Diseases, fish death, eutrophication
Key Term: DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

 

3. Land Pollution

Causes: Solid waste, deforestation
Effects: Soil infertility, groundwater contamination

 

4. Noise Pollution

Unit: Decibel (dB)
Effects: Hearing loss, stress

 

5. Thermal Pollution

Cause: Hot water discharge from power plants
Effect: Reduced oxygen in water

 

Energy Resources

Conventional

Coal, petroleum, natural gas
→ Non-renewable, polluting

Non-Conventional

Solar, wind, biomass
→ Renewable, eco-friendly

 

Global Environmental Issues

Climate Change

Cause: Greenhouse gases
Effect: Rising temperature

Acid Rain

Cause: SO₂ + NOx
Effect: Crop damage, monument corrosion

Ozone Depletion

Cause: CFCs
Protection efforts supported by United Nations Environment Programme

 

Greenhouse Effect Diagram (Draw and Explain)

Draw:
Sun → Earth → Heat trapped by gases

Explanation Points:

• Sunlight enters atmosphere
• Earth absorbs heat
• Greenhouse gases trap outgoing heat
• Leads to global warming

Eutrophication Cycle

Draw:
Fertilizers → Nutrients in water → Algal bloom → Oxygen depletion → Fish death

Explain in 4 steps for full marks.

Structure of Atmosphere

Layers to label:

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere (Ozone layer)
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere

Mention ozone layer importance.

Acid Rain Formation

Factories → SO₂ & NOx → Mix with water vapor → Acid rain

 

SECTION A Define eutrophication.

1. What is soil erosion?
2. Define greenhouse effect.
3. What is thermal pollution?
4. List two sources of noise pollution.

 

SECTION B (5 Marks)

1. Explain sources of water pollution.
2. Classify air pollutants.
3. Discuss effects of noise pollution.
4. Explain land degradation.
5. Write note on renewable energy.
6. Explain acid rain.
7. Explain types, sources and effects of environmental pollution.
8. Discuss water pollution and eutrophication.
9. Describe energy resources and environmental implications.
10. Explain climate change, acid rain and ozone depletion.
11. Discuss role of individuals in sustainable development.

(Use definition + causes + effects + control)

 

EXAM WRITING TIPS FOR 5 MARKS

✔ Start with definition
✔ Use headings & subheadings
✔ Draw at least one diagram
✔ Mention causes + effects + control
✔ End with conclusion

The Verger by Somerset Maugham - Full Story

 

Read the story Carefully

There had been a christening that afternoon at St Peter's, Neville Square, and Albert Edward Foreman still wore his verger's gown. He kept his new one, its folds as full and stiff as though it were made not of alpaca but of perennial bronze, for funerals and weddings (St Peter's, Neville Square, was a church much favoured by the fashionable for these ceremonies) and now he wore only his second-best. He wore it with complacence, for it was the dignified symbol of his office, and without it (when he took it off to go home) he had the disconcerting sensation of being somewhat insufficiently clad. He took pains with it; he pressed it and ironed it himself. During the sixteen years he had been verger of this church he had had a succession of such gowns, but he had never been able to throw them away when they were worn out and the complete series, neatly wrapped up in brown paper, lay in the bottom drawers of the wardrobe in his bedroom. The verger busied himself quietly, replacing the painted wooden cover on the marble font, taking away a chair that had been brought for an infirm old lady, and waited for the vicar to have finished in the vestry so that he could tidy up in there and go home. Presently he saw him walk across the chancel, genuflect in front of the high altar, and come down the aisle; but he still wore his cassock. `What's he 'anging about for?' the verger said to himself. `Don't'e know I want my tea? The vicar had been but recently appointed, a red-faced energetic man in the early forties, and Albert Edward still regretted his predecessor, a clergyman of the old school who preached leisurely sermons in a silvery voice and dined out a great deal with his more aristocratic parishioners. He liked things in church to be just so, but he never fussed; he was not like this new man who wanted to have his finger in every pie. But Albert Edward was tolerant. St Peter's was in a very good neighbourhood and the parishioners were a very nice class of people. The new vicar had come from the East End and he couldn't be expected to fall in all at once with the discreet ways of his fashionable congregation. `All this 'ustle; said Albert Edward. `But give 'im time, he'll learn.' When the vicar had walked down the aisle so far that he could address the verger without raising his voice more than was becoming in a place of worship he stopped. `Foreman, will you come into the vestry for a minute. I have something to say to you.' 'Very good, sir: The vicar waited for him to come up and they walked up the church together. `A very nice christening, I thought, sir. Funny 'ow the baby stopped cryin' the moment you took him.

`I've noticed they very often do,' said the vicar, with a little smile. ‘After all I've had a good deal of practice with them.' It was a source of subdued pride to him that he could nearly always quiet a whimpering infant by the manner in which he held it and he was not unconscious of the amused admiration with which mothers and nurses watched him settle the baby in the crook of his surpliced arm. The verger knew that it pleased him to be complimented on his talent. The vicar preceded Albert Edward into the vestry. Albert Edward was a trifle surprised to find the two churchwardens there. He had not seen them come in. They gave him pleasant nods. `Good afternoon, my lord. Good afternoon, sir,' he said to one after the other. They were elderly men, both of them, and they had been churchwardens almost as long as Albert Edward had been verger. They were sitting now at a handsome refectory table that the old vicar had brought many years before from Italy and the vicar sat down in the vacant chair between them. Albert Edward faced them, the table between him and them, and wondered with slight uneasiness what was the matter. He remembered still the occasion on which the organist had got into trouble and the bother they had all had to hush things up. In a church like St Peter's, Neville Square, they couldn't afford a scandal. On the vicar's red face was a look of resolute benignity, but the others bore an expression that was slightly troubled. `He's been naggin' them, he 'as,' said the verger to himself. `He's jockeyed them into doin' something, but they don't 'alf like it. That's what it is, you mark my words.' But his thoughts did not appear on Albert Edward's clean-cut and distinguished features. He stood in a respectful but not obsequious attitude. He had been in service before he was appointed to his ecclesiastical office, but only in very good houses, and his deportment was irreproachable. Starting as a page-boy in the household of a merchant prince, he had risen by due degrees from the position of fourth to first footman, for a year he had been single-handed butler to a widowed peeress, and, till the vacancy occurred at St Peter's, butler with two men under him in the house of a retired ambassador. He was tall, spare, grave, and dignified. He looked, if not like a duke, at least like an actor of the old school who specialized in dukes' parts. He had tact, firmness,-and self-assurance. His character was unimpeachable. The vicar began briskly. `Foreman, we've got something rather unpleasant to say to you. You've been here a great many years and I think his lordship and the general agree with me that you've fulfilled the duties of your office to the satisfaction of everybody concerned.' The two churchwardens nodded. `But a most extraordinary circumstance came to my knowledge the other day and I felt it my duty to impart it to the churchwardens. I discovered to my astonishment that you could neither read nor write.' The verger's face betrayed no sign of embarrassment.

`The last vicar knew that, sir,' he replied. 'He said it didn't make no difference. He always said there was a great deal too much education in the world for ‘is taste.' `It's the most amazing thing I ever heard,' cried the general. `Do you mean to say that you've been verger of this church for sixteen years and never learned to read or write.’ `I went into service when I was twelve, sir. The cook in the first place tried to teach me once, but I didn't seem to 'ave the knack for it, and then what with one thing and another I never seemed to'ave the time. I've never really found the want of it. I think a lot of these young fellows waste a rare lot of time readin' when they might be doin' something useful.' 'But don't you want to know the news? said the other churchwarden. ‘Don’t you ever want to write a letter?' 'No, me lord, I seem to manage very well without. And of late years now they've all these pictures in the papers I get to know what's goin' on pretty well. Me wife's quite a scholar and if I want to write a letter she writes it for me. It's not as if I was a bettin' man: The two churchwardens gave the vicar a troubled glance and then looked down at the table. 'Well, Foreman, I've talked the matter over with these gentlemen and they quite agree with me that the situation is impossible. At a church like St Peter's, Neville Square, we cannot have a verger who can neither read nor write.' Albert Edward's thin, sallow face reddened and he moved uneasily on his feet, but he made no reply. 'Understand me, Foreman, I have no complaint to make against you. You do your work quite satisfactorily; I have the highest opinion both of your character and of your capacity; but we haven't the right to take the risk of some accident that might happen owing to your lamentable ignorance. It's a matter of prudence as well as of principle.' 'But couldn't you learn, Foreman? asked the general. `No, sir, I'm afraid I couldn't, not now. You see, I'm not as young as I was and if I couldn't seem able to get the letters in me 'ead when I was a nipper I don't think there's much chance of it now.' 'We don't want to be harsh with you, Foreman,' said the vicar. `But the churchwardens and I have quite made up our minds. We'll give you three months and if at the end of that time you cannot read and write I'm afraid you'll have to go.' Albert Edward had never liked the new vicar. He'd said from the beginning that they'd made a mistake when they gave him St Peter's. He wasn't the type of man they wanted with a classy congregation like that. And now he straightened himself a little. He knew his value and he wasn't going to allow himself to be put upon. `I'm very sorry, sir, I'm afraid it's no good. I'm too old a dog to learn new tricks. I've lived a good many years without knowin' 'ow to read and write, and without wishin' to praise myself, self praise is no recommendation, I don't mind sayin' I've done my duty in that state of life in which it 'as pleased a merciful providence to place me, and if I could learn now I don't know as I'd want to.'

'In that case, Foreman, I'm afraid you must go.' `Yes, sir, I quite understand. I shall be 'appy to 'and in my resignation as soon as you've found somebody to take my place.' But when Albert Edward with his usual politeness had closed the church door behind the vicar and the two churchwardens he could not sustain the air of unruffled dignity with which he had borne the blow inflicted upon him and his lips quivered. He walked slowly back to the vestry and hung up on its proper peg his verger's gown. He sighed as he thought of all the grand funerals and smart weddings it had seen. He tidied everything up, put on his coat, and hat in hand walked down the aisle. He locked the church door behind him. He strolled across the square, but deep in his sad thoughts he did not take the street that led him home, where a nice strong cup of tea awaited him; he took the wrong turning. He walked slowly along. His heart was heavy. He did not know what he should do with himself. He did not fancy the notion of going back to domestic service; after being his own master for so many years, for the vicar and churchwardens could say what they liked, it was he that had run St Peter's, Neville Square, he could scarcely demean himself by accepting a situation. He had saved a tidy sum, but not enough to live on without doing something, and life seemed to cost more every year. He had never thought to be troubled with such questions. The vergers of St Peter's, like the popes of Rome, were there for life. He had often thought of the pleasant reference the vicar would make in his sermon at evensong the first Sunday after his death to the long and faithful service, and the exemplary character of their late verger, Albert Edward Foreman. He sighed deeply. Albert Edward was a non-smoker and a total abstainer, but with a certain latitude; that is to say he liked a glass of beer with his dinner and when he was tired he enjoyed a cigarette. It occurred to him now that one would comfort him and since he did not carry them he looked about him for a shop where he could buy a packet of Gold Flake. He did not at once see one and walked on a little. It was a long street, with all sorts of shops in it, but there was not a single one where you could buy cigarettes. 'That's strange,' said Albert Edward. To make sure he walked right up the street again. No, there was no doubt about it. He stopped and looked reflectively up and down. `I can't be the only man as walks along this street and wants a fag,' he said. `I shouldn't wonder but what a fellow might do very well with a little shop here. Tobacco and sweets, you know.' He gave a sudden start. `That's an idea,' he said. `Strange 'ow things come to you when you least expect it.' He turned, walked home, and had his tea.

`You're very silent this afternoon, Albert,' his wife remarked. `I'm thinkin',' he said. He considered the matter from every point of view and next day he went along the street and by good luck found a little shop to let that looked as though it would exactly suit him. Twenty-four hours later he had taken it, and when a month after that he left St Peter's, Neville Square, for ever, Albert Edward Foreman set up in business as a tobacconist and newsagent. His wife said it was a dreadful come-down after being verger of St Peter's, but he answered that you had to move with the times, the church wasn't what it was, and 'enceforward he was going to render unto Caesar what was Caesar's. Albert Edward did very well. He did so well that in a year or so it struck him that he might take a second shop and put a manager in. He looked for another long street that hadn't got a tobacconist in it and when he found it, and a shop to let, took it and stocked it. This was a success too. Then it occurred to him that if he could run two he could run half a dozen, so he began walking about London, and whenever he found a long street that had no tobacconist and a shop to let he took it. In the course of ten years he had acquired no less than ten shops and he was making money hand over fist. He went round to all of them himself every Monday, collected the week's takings, and took them to the bank. One morning when he was there paying in a bundle of notes and a heavy bag of silver the cashier told him that the manager would like to see him. He was shown into an office and the manager shook hands with him. 'Mr Foreman, I wanted to have a talk to you about the money you've got on deposit with us. D'you know exactly how much it is?' 'Not within a pound or two, sir; but I've got a pretty rough idea.' `Apart from what you paid in this morning it's a little over thirty thousand pounds. That's a very large sum to have on deposit and I should have thought you'd do better to invest it.' 'I wouldn't want to take no risk, sir. I know it's safe in the bank.' 'You needn't have the least anxiety. We'll make you out a list of absolutely giltedged securities. They'll bring you in a better rate of interest than we can possibly afford to give you.' A troubled look settled on Mr Foreman's distinguished face. 'I've never 'ad anything to do with stocks and shares and I'd 'ave to leave it all in your ‘ands,' he said. The manager smiled. 'We'll do everything. All you'll have to do next time you come in is just to sign the transfers: 'I could do that all right,' said Albert uncertainly. 'But 'ow should I know what I was signin'? `I suppose you can read,' said the manager a trifle sharply. 

Mr Foreman gave him a disarming smile. 'Well, sir, that's just it. I can't. I know it sounds funny-like, but there it is, I can't read or write, only me name, an' I only learnt to do that when I went into business.' The manager was so surprised that he jumped up from his chair. 'That's the most extraordinary thing I ever heard.' 'You see, it's like this, sir, I never 'ad the opportunity until it was too late and then some'ow I wouldn't. I got obstinate-like.' The manager stared at him as though he were a prehistoric monster. 'And do you mean to say that you've built up this important business and amassed a fortune of thirty thousand pounds without being able to read or write? Good God, man, what would you be now if you had been able to?' 'I can tell you that, sir,' said Mr Foreman, a little smile on his still aristocratic features. 'I'd be verger of St Peter's, Neville Square.' 

Extracted from https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Maugham_The_Verger_0.pdf  

 

Semester 2 Synonyms and Grammar

Syllabus Details 

1. Assertive skills -  chapter 4, The Verger written by Somerset Maugham

1. Learning skills - chapter 5, Three Questions by Leo Tolstoy

1. Adaptability skills - chapter 8, Senor Payroll by William E. Barrett

1. Non-verbal communication skills - chapter 9, A Real Good Smile by Bill Naughton

Synonyms - Word Meaning

The Verger 

1. Alpaca –South American mammal valued for wool, llama-like animal, camelid  
2. Complacence – self-satisfaction, smugness, contentment  
3. Disconcerting – discomfort, unsettling, disturbing, bewildering  
4. Chancel – sanctuary, altar area, choir  
5. Genuflect – kneel, bow  
6. Cassock – clerical robe, gown, vestment  
7. Discreet – prudent, cautious, tactful  
8. Congregation – assembly, gathering, parish  
9. Surpliced – robed, vested, cassocked  
10. Refectory – dining hall, mess hall, canteen  
11. Jockeyed – maneuvered, schemed, manipulated  
12. Obsequious – servile, sycophantic, fawning  
13. Ecclesiastical – churchly, clerical, religious  
14. Deportment – behavior, demeanor, conduct  
15. Irreproachable – blameless, faultless, impeccable  
16. Unimpeachable – unquestionable, reliable, flawless  
17. Sallow – yellowish, pale, wan  
18. Lamentable – pitiable, distressing, deplorable  
19. Prudence – wisdom, caution, foresight  
20. Latitude – freedom, scope

Three Questions

1. Proclaimed – Declared (officially or publicly)
2. Draw up – Prepare a document, such as a contract or a list. 
3. Hermit –  Recluse, a religious person living in solitude
4. Renowned – Famous 
5. Cell – Room (A small room, especially in a monastery or prison)
6. Dismounted – Alighted (Got off a horse, bicycle, or something else that was being ridden)
7. Frail – Weak 
8. Recommenced – Resumed, Began again or continued after a pause. 
9. Feebly – Weakly 
10. Ceased – Stopped 
11. Revived – Restored 
12. Crouched – Squatted (Stooped or bent low with the limbs close to the body.)
13. Threshold – Doorstep, Point of entry or beginning
14. Ambush – Surprise, Suddenly ( A surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position)
15. Repented – Regretted 

Senor Payroll

1. Downtown: City center
2. Bewildering: Confusing
3. Stokers: People who tend a furnace/fire
4. Retorts: Vessels used for distillation
5. Scooped: Gathered up quickly
6. Uncanny: Strange/mysterious
7. Nozzle: Spout/mouth of a pipe
8. Absurd: Ridiculous, foolish, or nonsensical
9. Elasticity: Flexibility, resilience, or stretch.
10. Veritable: Genuine, real, or true.
11. Curt: Abrupt, short, or blunt.
12. Transient: Temporary, brief, or fleeting.
13. Virtuosos: Masters, experts, or geniuses.
14. Stolid: Unemotional, impassive, or apathetic.
15. Dissuade: Discourage or deter
16. Hombres: Men, guys, or fellows. 

A Real Good Smile 

1. Disgrace: Shame or dishonour.
2. Piercers: Instruments for making holes or something intensely painful.
3. Royalty: Royal persons or status.
4. Bear the sight of: Tolerate or endure something unpleasant.
5. Mumbling: Speaking quietly and indistinctly.
6. Meemawing: Mouthing words or indistinct talk.
7. Respects: Courteous regard or esteem.
8. What the dickens: An exclamation expressing surprise or annoyance.
9. Snuffy: Ill-tempered, agitated, or annoyed.
10. Slouch: Stand or walk lazily with shoulders forward.
11. Trudge: Walk with slow, heavy steps due to tiredness or difficulty.
12. Deserted: Abandoned or empty of people.
13. Crafty: Clever at deceitful methods; cunning or sly.
14. Ogre: A cruel, monstrous person or giant.
15. Made out: To discern with difficulty or to kiss and caress.
16. Snooty: Arrogant, stuck-up, or snobby.
17. Ranted: Spoke loudly and angrily.
18. Prospects: Opportunities for future success or an outlook for the future.

Make verbs from the following words using appropriate suffixes

1. strength - Strengthen

2. character - Characterise

3. exemplary - exemplify

4. hesitation - hesitate

5. notification - notify

6. separation - Separate

7. sharp - Sharpen

8. picture - Picturise  

9. beauty - Beautify

10. demonstration - Demonstrate

11. pure - Purify

12. isolation - Isolate

13. deep - Deepen

14. general - Generalise

15. sweet - Sweeten

16. energetic - Energise

17. hard - Harden

18. symbol - Symbolise

19. specific - Specify

20. magnificent- magnify

Write the opposites of the following words using suitable prefixes

1. Certain - Uncertain
2. Important - Unimportant
3. Action - Inaction
4. Moral - Immoral
5. Social - Anti-social/Unsocial
6. Point - Dispoint (or Pointless/Disappoint)
7. Centralise - Decentralise
8. Continue - Discontinue
9. Proper - Improper
10. Skilled - Unskilled
11. Agreed - Disagreed
12. Common - Uncommon
13. Learn - Mislearn (or Unlearn)
14. Literate - Illiterate
15. Movable - Immovable
16. Finite - Infinite
17. Regular - Irregular
18. Corporation - Incorporation (or Non-corporation)
19. Necessary - Unnecessary
20. Estimate - underestimate (or Misestimate)
21. Attentive - Inattentive
22. Correctly - Incorrectly
23. Wise - Unwise
24. Equally - Unequally
25. Known - Unknown
26. Religious - Irreligious
27. Recognise - Unrecognise (or Misrecognise)
28. Easy - Uneasy
29. Faithful - Unfaithful
30. Done - Undone
31. Quite - Unquite (rare) / Not quite
32. Social - Anti-social
33. Centralise - Decentralise
34. Literate - Illiterate
35. Movable - Immovable
36. Regular - Irregular
37. Practice - Malpractice (or Dispractice)
38. Understand - Misunderstand
39. Cooperation - Non-cooperation
40. Standard - Non-standard
41. Necessary - Unnecessary
42. Estimate - Underestimate