ENGLISH PROFICIENCY AND LIFE SKILLS -V

 

T.Y.B.COM SEM V

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY AND LIFE SKILLS

UNIT1

Section A: One-Word Substitution

Choose the word that best substitutes the definition provided.

1. A person who loves books: (a) Philanthropist (b) Bibliophile (c) Theist (d) Misanthrope
2. One who is unable to pay one’s debts: (a) Bankrupt (b) Solvent (c) Debtor (d) Pauper
3. A place where birds are kept: (a) Zoo (b) Aquarium (c) Aviary (d) Stable
4. One who eats everything: (a) Carnivore (b) Herbivore (c) Omnivore (d) Vegetarian
5. A person who speaks many languages: (a) Linguist (b) Polyglot (c) Orator (d) Translator
6. A speech made without preparation: (a) Extempore (b) Soliloquy (c) Dialogue (d) Prologue
7. One who believes in the existence of God: (a) Atheist (b) Agnostic (c) Theist (d) Fanatic
8. A life history written by oneself: (a) Biography (b) Autobiography (c) Memoir (d) Chronicle
9. A person who hates mankind: (a) Misanthrope (b) Philanthropist (c) Sadist (d) Egoist
10. One who is present everywhere: (a) Omniscient (b) Omnipotent (c) Omnipresent (d) Eternal
11. A list of books: (a) Index (b) Catalogue (c) Bibliography (d) Dictionary
12. A person who has left their country to settle in another: (a) Immigrant (b) Emigrant (c) Tourist (d) Refugee

13. One who is easily deceived: (a) Gullible (b) Innocent (c) Wise (d) Cunning
14. A person who works for free: (a) Servant (b) Volunteer (c) Slave (d) Employee
15. A poem of lamentation: (a) Ode (b) Sonnet (c) Elegy (d) Epic
16. A study of ancient things: (a) Geology (b) Archaeology (c) Zoology (d) Biology
17. A person who dislikes women: (a) Misogynist (b) Philanderer (c) Feminist (d) Bachelor
18. A period of one thousand years: (a) Century (b) Decade (c) Millennium (d) Era
19. One who talks too much: (a) Taciturn (b) Loquacious (c) Silent (d) Quiet
20. Something that cannot be avoided: (a) Possible (b) Inevitable (c) Likely (d) Unsure
21. A person who pretends to be what he is not: (a) Hypocrite (b) Actor (c) Rogue (d) Joker
22. That which cannot be seen: (a) Transparent (b) Opaque (c) Invisible (d) Clear
23. A person who is new to a job: (a) Veteran (b) Novice (c) Expert (d) Leader
24. A room where dead bodies are kept: (a) Mortuary (b) Kitchen (c) Library (d) Gallery
25. One who studies stars and planets: (a) Astronomer (b) Astrologer (c) Pilot (d) Geologist
26. A decision that cannot be changed: (a) Irrevocable (b) Mutable (c) Flexible (d) Temporary
27. A person who collects coins: (a) Numismatist (b) Philatelist (c) Collector (d) Artist
28. One who is hard to please: (a) Simple (b) Fastidious (c) Gentle (d) Kind
29. A person who travels on foot: (a) Driver (b) Pedestrian (c) Pilot (d) Passenger
30. Fear of heights: (a) Claustrophobia (b) Acrophobia (c) Hydrophobia (d) Xenophobia

Choose the option that best substitutes the given description.

1. Moham cannot be a good leader because he is someone who always puts himself first.

(a) egoistical

(b) altruistic

(c) benevolent

(d) humble

2. She got low marks in the examination because her handwriting was not clear enough to be read.

(a) eligible

(b) illiterate

(c) illegible

(d) edible

3. By nature, he is an introvert and speaks very little.

(a) loquacious

(b) reticent

(c) garrulous

(d) confident

Section B: Synonyms

Choose the word with the same or similar meaning.

1. Abundant: (a) Scant (b) Plentiful (c) Rare (d) Small
2. Cease: (a) Start (b) Stop (c) Continue (d) Begin
3. Diligent: (a) Lazy (b) Hardworking (c) Careless (d) Slow
4. Fragile: (a) Strong (b) Delicate (c) Tough (d) Hard
5. Garrulous: (a) Quiet (b) Talkative (c) Serious (d) Dull
6. Hostile: (a) Friendly (b) Unfriendly (c) Kind (d) Loving
7. Immaculate: (a) Dirty (b) Clean (c) Messy (d) Spotted
8. Jovial: (a) Sad (b) Cheerful (c) Angry (d) Depressed
9. Kindle: (a) Extinguish (b) Ignite (c) Douse (d) Wait
10. Lucid: (a) Clear (b) Vague (c) Confused (d) Dark
11. Meagre: (a) Abundant (b) Scanty (c) Large (d) Full
12. Notorious: (a) Famous (b) Infamous (c) Unknown (d) Respected
13. Obsolete: (a) New (b) Modern (c) Outdated (d) Fresh
14. Pensive: (a) Thoughtful (b) Carefree (c) Happy (d) Active
15. Quaint: (a) Modern (b) Old-fashioned (c) New (d) Standard
16. Resilient: (a) Weak (b) Tough (c) Fragile (d) Soft
17. Scorn: (a) Admire (b) Contempt (c) Praise (d) Love
18. Trivial: (a) Important (b) Significant (c) Unimportant (d) Heavy
19. Unique: (a) Common (b) Ordinary (c) One-of-a-kind (d) Normal
20. Vibrant: (a) Dull (b) Lively (c) Still (d) Quiet
21. Wary: (a) Careless (b) Cautious (c) Reckless (d) Bold
22. Yield: (a) Resist (b) Surrender (c) Fight (d) Hold
23. Zeal: (a) Apathy (b) Enthusiasm (c) Boredom (d) Laziness
24. Ample: (a) Limited (b) Plenty (c) Short (d) Little
25. Baffle: (a) Explain (b) Confuse (c) Solve (d) Clarify
26. Candid: (a) Frank (b) Dishonest (c) Secretive (d) Guarded
27. Desolate: (a) Populated (b) Empty (c) Busy (d) Full
28. Eminent: (a) Unknown (b) Famous (c) Average (d) Low
29. Feasible: (a) Impossible (b) Practicable (c) Unlikely (d) Hard
30. Glaring: (a) Hidden (b) Obvious (c) Dim (d) Small

Choose the word that has the same or a similar meaning to the highlighted word.

1. The acrobat put up a masterly show during the circus.

(a) brilliant

(b) cunning

(c) detailed

(d) joyful

2. The country is in a highly precarious situation following the army coup.

(a) excited

(b) protected

(c) dangerous

(d) confused

3. Stringent norms were followed to control the Covid-19 pandemic in our town.

(a) strict

(b) traditional

(c) medical

(d) scientific

Section C: Antonyms

Choose the word with the opposite meaning.

1. Advance: (a) Progress (b) Retreat (c) Move (d) Go
2. Bold: (a) Brave (b) Timid (c) Fearless (d) Heroic
3. Cruel: (a) Kind (b) Mean (c) Harsh (d) Vicious
4. Deep: (a) Shallow (b) Profound (c) Low (d) Bottomless
5. Expand: (a) Grow (b) Shrink (c) Extend (d) Stretch
6. False: (a) Fake (b) True (c) Wrong (d) Untrue
7. Generous: (a) Stingy (b) Kind (c) Open (d) Giving
8. Humble: (a) Proud (b) Modest (c) Meek (d) Simple
9. Ignorant: (a) Unaware (b) Knowledgeable (c) Stupid (d) Dull
10. Joy: (a) Delight (b) Sorrow (c) Bliss (d) Happiness
11. Keen: (a) Sharp (b) Dull (c) Eager (d) Intense
12. Loud: (a) Noisy (b) Quiet (c) Boisterous (d) Piercing
13. Modern: (a) New (b) Ancient (c) Recent (d) Current
14. Narrow: (a) Thin (b) Wide (c) Slim (d) Tight
15. Optimist: (a) Pessimist (b) Positive (c) Hopeful (d) Cheerful
16. Polite: (a) Rude (b) Courteous (c) Civil (d) Respectful
17. Quick: (a) Fast (b) Slow (c) Rapid (d) Swift
18. Rough: (a) Smooth (b) Coarse (c) Uneven (d) Jagged
19. Strict: (a) Lenient (b) Firm (c) Rigid (d) Severe
20. Timid: (a) Shy (b) Bold (c) Fearful (d) Cowardly
21. Useful: (a) Helpful (b) Useless (c) Handy (d) Practical
22. Victory: (a) Defeat (b) Success (c) Win (d) Triumph
23. Wise: (a) Smart (b) Foolish (c) Intelligent (d) Clever
24. Yield: (a) Resist (b) Give in (c) Submit (d) Bend
25. Zest: (a) Enthusiasm (b) Apathy (c) Energy (d) Passion
26. Affirm: (a) Deny (b) Confirm (c) State (d) Assert
27. Bitter: (a) Sour (b) Sweet (c) Sharp (d) Harsh
28. Chaos: (a) Disorder (b) Order (c) Mess (d) Confusion
29. Distant: (a) Near (b) Far (c) Remote (d) Removed
30. Eager: (a) Keen (b) Reluctant (c) Excited (d) Enthusiastic

Choose the word that has the opposite meaning of the highlighted word.

1. We find his behaviour inexplicable.

(a) sad

(b) happy

(c) understandable

(d) complicated

2. We are too tired to light the fire.

(a) see

(b) dark

(c) extinguish

(d) expand

3. The principal made a terse speech during the morning assembly today.

(a) brief

(b) kind

(c) lengthy

(d) precise

 

EVS REVISION SET

 

REVISION QUESTION SET

UNIT 1: Types of Environmental Pollution

1.1.1 Water Pollution

Short Answer Questions 

1. Define water pollution and explain water quality standards.
2. Classify water pollutants with suitable examples.
3. What is eutrophication?
4. List the industrial and agricultural sources of water pollution.
5. Mention the effects of municipal waste on water bodies.

Long Answer / Essay Questions

1. Explain the sources, classification, and effects of water pollution in detail.
2. Discuss industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources of water pollution with examples.
3. Describe eutrophication and its environmental impacts.
4. Explain water quality standards prescribed in India and their importance (e.g., standards by Central Pollution Control Board).

1.1.2 Marine Pollution

Short Answer

1. What is marine pollution?
2. List major sources of marine pollution.
3. What are oil spills? Mention their impacts.

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes and consequences of marine pollution.
2. Explain the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems.

1.1.3 Air Pollution

Short Answer

1. Write the composition of air.
2. Explain the structure of the atmosphere.
3. Define PM, SO₂, and NOx.
4. Differentiate between natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution.
5. What are Ambient Air Quality Standards?

Long Answer

1. Classify air pollutants and explain their sources and effects.
2. Discuss the effects of common air pollutants such as PM, SO₂, and NOx on human health and environment.
3. Explain Ambient Air Quality Standards in India (as prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board).
4. Describe the structure of the atmosphere and its relevance in controlling air pollution.

 

1.1.4 Land Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define land degradation.
2. What are different land uses?
3. What is soil erosion?

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of land degradation.
2. Explain soil erosion and methods to control it.
3. Describe the environmental impacts of improper land use.

 

1.1.5 Noise Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define sound and noise.
2. How is noise measured?
3. What are the main causes of noise pollution?

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of noise pollution.
2. Explain noise measurement techniques and standards.

 

1.1.6 Thermal Pollution

Short Answer

1. Define thermal pollution.
2. Mention two causes of thermal pollution.

Long Answer

1. Discuss the causes, effects, and control measures of thermal pollution.

 

Role of Individual in Prevention of Pollution

Long Answer

1. Explain the role of individuals in preventing different types of pollution.
2. Suggest practical measures that students can adopt to reduce environmental pollution.

 

UNIT 2: Energy Resources and Global Environmental Issues

2.1.1 Energy Resources

Short Answer

1. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
2. Write a note on India’s energy demand scenario.
3. List advantages of renewable energy sources.
4. Mention environmental problems associated with fossil fuels.

Long Answer

1. Discuss global and Indian energy demand and future projections.
2. Explain conventional and non-conventional energy sources with their advantages and limitations.
3. Discuss environmental problems related to energy exploitation.
4. Explain environmental implications of non-conventional energy sources.

 

2.1.2 Global Environmental Issues

Short Answer

1. Define climate change.
2. What is the greenhouse effect?
3. What causes acid rain?
4. Write short notes on ozone layer depletion.

Long Answer

1. Discuss climate change and global warming with causes and impacts.
2. Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in global warming.
3. Describe the causes and effects of acid rain.
4. Discuss ozone layer depletion with reference to international efforts such as the United Nations Environment Programme initiatives.

 

Very Important Questions (Exam-Oriented)

1. Explain types, sources, and effects of environmental pollution.
2. Discuss water pollution and eutrophication in detail.
3. Describe energy resources and environmental implications of their use.
4. Explain global environmental issues such as climate change, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
5. Discuss the role of individuals in sustainable development.

 

Q. Explain Types, Sources and Effects of Environmental Pollution

Introduction

Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of air, water and land by harmful substances that adversely affect living organisms and natural resources.

Types of Environmental Pollution

1. Air Pollution

Contamination of the atmosphere by harmful gases and particles.

Sources:

• Vehicles and industries
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Forest fires (natural)

Effects:

• Respiratory diseases
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• Damage to crops

Standards in India are regulated by Central Pollution Control Board.

2. Water Pollution

Contamination of rivers, lakes and groundwater.

Sources:

• Industrial effluents
• Agricultural runoff
• Sewage discharge

Effects:

• Water-borne diseases
• Fish mortality
• Eutrophication
• Drinking water contamination

3. Land Pollution

Degradation of land due to waste disposal and improper land use.

Sources:

• Solid waste
• Industrial waste
• Deforestation

Effects:

• Soil infertility
• Loss of biodiversity
• Groundwater contamination

4. Noise Pollution

Excessive and unwanted sound.

Sources: Traffic, industries, loudspeakers
Effects: Hearing loss, stress, hypertension

 

5. Thermal Pollution

Increase in water temperature due to industrial discharge.

Effects: Reduced oxygen levels, harm to aquatic life

Conclusion

Environmental pollution threatens human health, biodiversity and economic development. Preventive measures and strict enforcement of environmental laws are essential.

Q. Discuss Water Pollution and Eutrophication in Detail

Introduction

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies, making them unsafe for use.

Sources of Water Pollution

1. Industrial Sources

Discharge of chemicals, heavy metals and toxic waste.

2. Agricultural Sources

Runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides.

3. Municipal Sources

Sewage, detergents and domestic waste.

Classification of Water Pollutants

• Physical: Suspended solids
• Chemical: Acids, heavy metals
• Biological: Bacteria, viruses

Effects of Water Pollution

• Spread of diseases like cholera
• Reduced dissolved oxygen
• Death of aquatic organisms
• Bioaccumulation of toxins

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is excessive growth of algae due to nutrient enrichment (nitrates and phosphates).

Causes

• Fertilizer runoff
• Sewage discharge

Process

1. Nutrient enrichment
2. Algal bloom formation
3. Oxygen depletion
4. Fish death

Effects

• Loss of biodiversity
• Foul smell
• Disruption of ecosystem balance

Conclusion

Proper sewage treatment and monitoring by agencies like Central Pollution Control Board are necessary to control water pollution.

Q. Describe Energy Resources and Environmental Implications of Their Use

Introduction

Energy resources are essential for industrial and economic growth.

Conventional Energy Sources

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Hydropower

Environmental Implications

• Air pollution
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Mining-related land degradation
• Oil spills

Non-Conventional (Renewable) Energy Sources

• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Biomass
• Geothermal energy

Advantages

• Renewable
• Less pollution

Limitations

• High initial cost
• Intermittent supply

Environmental Implications

• Large land requirement
• Impact on wildlife (wind turbines)
• Biomass smoke emissions

Conclusion

Sustainable energy planning is essential to balance development and environmental protection.

Q. Explain Global Environmental Issues: Climate Change, Acid Rain and Ozone Depletion

Introduction

Global environmental issues affect the entire planet and require international cooperation.

1. Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate change refers to long-term changes in global temperatures due to greenhouse gases.

Causes

• Burning fossil fuels
• Deforestation
• Industrial emissions

Effects

• Melting glaciers
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather

Programs under United Nations Environment Programme support global climate initiatives.

2. Acid Rain

Acid rain is precipitation containing sulfuric and nitric acids formed from SO₂ and NOx.

Causes

• Power plants
• Vehicles

Effects

• Damage to crops
• Soil degradation
• Corrosion of monuments

3. Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer protects Earth from harmful UV rays.

Causes

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Effects

• Skin cancer
• Eye cataracts
• Ecosystem damage

International agreements like the United Nations Environment Programme initiatives have helped reduce ozone-depleting substances.

Conclusion

Global environmental problems require strong policies and international cooperation.

Q. Discuss the Role of Individuals in Sustainable Development

Introduction

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.

Role of Individuals

1. Waste Management

• Practice Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Avoid plastic use

2. Energy Conservation

• Switch off appliances
• Use renewable energy

3. Water Conservation

• Rainwater harvesting
• Avoid wastage

4. Pollution Control

• Use public transport
• Maintain vehicles

5. Tree Plantation and Awareness

• Plant trees
• Spread environmental awareness

Conclusion

Government policies alone cannot ensure sustainability. Active participation of individuals is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development.

 

 

 

REVISION NOTES (Quick Memory Sheet)

Types of Environmental Pollution

1. Air Pollution

Major Pollutants: PM, SO₂, NOx, CO
Sources: Vehicles, industries, burning of coal
Effects: Asthma, acid rain, global warming
Regulated in India by Central Pollution Control Board

 

2. Water Pollution

Sources: Industrial effluents, sewage, fertilizers
Effects: Diseases, fish death, eutrophication
Key Term: DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

 

3. Land Pollution

Causes: Solid waste, deforestation
Effects: Soil infertility, groundwater contamination

 

4. Noise Pollution

Unit: Decibel (dB)
Effects: Hearing loss, stress

 

5. Thermal Pollution

Cause: Hot water discharge from power plants
Effect: Reduced oxygen in water

 

Energy Resources

Conventional

Coal, petroleum, natural gas
→ Non-renewable, polluting

Non-Conventional

Solar, wind, biomass
→ Renewable, eco-friendly

 

Global Environmental Issues

Climate Change

Cause: Greenhouse gases
Effect: Rising temperature

Acid Rain

Cause: SO₂ + NOx
Effect: Crop damage, monument corrosion

Ozone Depletion

Cause: CFCs
Protection efforts supported by United Nations Environment Programme

 

Greenhouse Effect Diagram (Draw and Explain)

Draw:
Sun → Earth → Heat trapped by gases

Explanation Points:

• Sunlight enters atmosphere
• Earth absorbs heat
• Greenhouse gases trap outgoing heat
• Leads to global warming

Eutrophication Cycle

Draw:
Fertilizers → Nutrients in water → Algal bloom → Oxygen depletion → Fish death

Explain in 4 steps for full marks.

Structure of Atmosphere

Layers to label:

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere (Ozone layer)
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere

Mention ozone layer importance.

Acid Rain Formation

Factories → SO₂ & NOx → Mix with water vapor → Acid rain

 

SECTION A Define eutrophication.

1. What is soil erosion?
2. Define greenhouse effect.
3. What is thermal pollution?
4. List two sources of noise pollution.

 

SECTION B (5 Marks)

1. Explain sources of water pollution.
2. Classify air pollutants.
3. Discuss effects of noise pollution.
4. Explain land degradation.
5. Write note on renewable energy.
6. Explain acid rain.
7. Explain types, sources and effects of environmental pollution.
8. Discuss water pollution and eutrophication.
9. Describe energy resources and environmental implications.
10. Explain climate change, acid rain and ozone depletion.
11. Discuss role of individuals in sustainable development.

(Use definition + causes + effects + control)

 

EXAM WRITING TIPS FOR 5 MARKS

✔ Start with definition
✔ Use headings & subheadings
✔ Draw at least one diagram
✔ Mention causes + effects + control
✔ End with conclusion